The Day of Revelation, the Secret and Public Call, and the Isra‑Miraj: Unraveling Key Events in the Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

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Introduction

The third chapter of our series explores pivotal moments in the life of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It focuses on: * The Day of Revelation (often called Yawm al‑Ba‘ath or “the day of my bath”). * The distinction between the secret and public phases of his prophetic mission. * The Isra‑Miraj – the night journey and ascent to the heavens. * Ongoing debates about the Prophet’s literacy and the nature of the Quranic revelation.

1. The Day of Revelation (Yawm al‑Ba‘ath)

  • When it happened: The Prophet was 40 years old, alone in the cave of Hira on the 27th of Rajab.
  • Traditional narrative (mainstream): Angel Jibrīl (Gabriel) descended, commanded the Prophet to “Read!” The Prophet replied, “I cannot read.” Some reports add that Gabriel struck or squeezed him, causing panic and a momentary desire to jump from the cliff.
  • Alternative view presented: The Prophet knew he was a messenger long before the cave experience. He was awaiting divine command, calm and smiling when the angel appeared. The first words of the Qur’an were not revealed on this day; the day marked the beginning of the mission, not the Qur’anic text itself.

2. Secret vs. Public Calling

  • Secret calling (first three years): Only trusted individuals—Khadija, her cousin, Ali, and a few close companions—were informed of the new message. The Quraysh were largely indifferent; some even thought the Prophet was merely “talking to the skies.”
  • Public calling (after three years): The Prophet began openly denouncing idolatry, inviting people to Islam. This provoked strong opposition from Quraysh leaders, notably Abu Lahab, and led to the first major confrontations.
  • Evidence of early secret worship: A businessman’s account of witnessing a small group (the Prophet, Ali, and Khadija) performing a private prayer before the public proclamation.

3. Timing of the Qur’anic Revelation

  • Rajab vs. Ramadan: The first Qur’anic verses were revealed later, during the month of Ramadan, not on the 27th of Rajab. The initial period after the secret call involved no Qur’anic verses; revelation began after the public call was established.
  • Two modes of revelation:
  • Gradual revelation – verses delivered by Gabriel over time, forming the text we recite today.
  • Heart‑to‑heart revelation – the entire truth of the Qur’an implanted in the Prophet’s heart in a single, profound experience.

4. Was the Prophet Illiterate?

  • Common claim: The Prophet was ‘ummi (unlettered), which is presented as a miracle because an illiterate man produced the Qur’an.
  • Counter‑arguments:
  • Several narrations show the Prophet writing his name, requesting writing material, and teaching others to read and write.
  • The Qur’an itself uses the term ‘ummi to refer to the Jews (who possessed books), not necessarily to the Prophet’s personal literacy.
  • Even if he were illiterate before revelation, the command to “Read!” would have required divine empowerment, which some scholars deem unnecessary if he already possessed the ability.
  • Conclusion of the discussion: The most balanced position is that the Prophet may have been functionally illiterate before the first revelation, but the evidence of his engagement with writing suggests he possessed at least basic literacy.

5. Isra‑Miraj (Night Journey and Ascension)

  • Chronology: Occurred roughly five years after the Day of Revelation, when the Prophet was about 45 years old.
  • Physical journey (Isra): From the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to Al‑Aqsa in Jerusalem, traditionally described as a miraculous ride on the Buraq, a winged creature.
  • Spiritual ascent (Miraj): The Prophet ascended through the heavens, meeting previous prophets (Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, etc.) and finally standing before Allah.
  • Key encounters:
  • Angel of Death – discussion about the transient nature of worldly life.
  • Prophet Ibrahim – offered fruit of Paradise.
  • Allah’s direct speech: The Prophet received the Fatiha and the promise that his descendants would continue the mission.
  • Interpretations: Some scholars view the journey as entirely spiritual, others accept a physical component aided by divine means (the Buraq). The narrative emphasizes the miraculous nature of the event, not the mechanics.

6. The Miracle of the Caravan

  • After the public call, the Prophet described a caravan approaching Mecca in vivid detail (size, colors, number of camels). The caravan arrived exactly as described, convincing many of his prophethood.

7. Legacy and Spiritual Lessons

  • Remembering death: The encounter with the Angel of Death during Miraj underscores the Qur’anic teaching that attachment to the dunya (world) leads to spiritual loss.
  • Continuous forgiveness: Even those who have transgressed can return to the path; Allah’s mercy is repeatedly emphasized.
  • Family and love: The birth of Fatimah (Zahra) is highlighted as a source of comfort for the Prophet, linking her to the “fruit of Paradise.”

Conclusion

The day of the Prophet’s first revelation, the transition from secret to public preaching, the debate over his literacy, and the extraordinary Isra‑Miraj together form a cohesive narrative that illustrates the gradual unfolding of the prophetic mission, the miraculous nature of divine communication, and the spiritual priorities emphasized in Islam.

The pivotal events surrounding the Prophet Muhammad’s first revelation, the shift from secret to public preaching, and the miraculous Isra‑Miraj together reveal a carefully staged divine plan that balances human preparation, spiritual transformation, and timeless lessons about humility, mortality, and unwavering faith.

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4. Was the Prophet Illiterate?

* **Common claim:** The Prophet was *‘ummi* (unlettered), which is presented as a miracle because an illiterate man produced the Qur’an. * **Counter‑arguments:** * Several narrations show the Prophet **writing** his name, requesting writing material, and teaching others to read and write. * The Qur’an itself uses the term *‘ummi* to refer to the **Jews** (who possessed books), not necessarily to the Prophet’s personal literacy. * Even if he were illiterate **before** revelation, the command to “Read!” would have required divine empowerment, which some scholars deem unnecessary if he already possessed the ability. * **Conclusion of the discussion:** The most balanced position is that the Prophet may have been **functionally illiterate** before the first revelation, but the evidence of his engagement with writing suggests he possessed at least basic literacy.

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