Day 2 Refresher: Animal at Plant Biology – Review, Concepts, at Pagsusulit

Panimula

Ang ikalawang araw ng Refresher Series ay nakatuon sa pag‑review ng Animal Biology at pag‑introduce ng Plant Biology. Sa live session, 100+ na estudyante ang sumali sa Facebook at YouTube, at maraming nag‑share ng link para maabot ang iba pang science majors.

Review ng Araw 1 – Animal Biology

• Homeostasis: mga mekanismo tulad ng waste product removal, nutrient supply, temperature regulation, at osmotic pressure/pH control.
• Classification ng Kingdom Plantae:
• Gymnosperms (naked seeds, cone‑bearing, karaniwang evergreen, soft wood).
• Angiosperms (flowering plants, hardwood, pollinated by animals).
• Subatomic particles: electron (negatively charged), proton (positively charged), neutron (neutral).
• Carbon: pinakamaraming elemento sa organikong kemistri; kaya nitong bumuo ng matibay na covalent bonds.
• Cnidarians: may nematocyst na naglalaman ng venom – proteksiyon laban sa mga kalaban.
• Three‑domain system (1990): Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.
• Phylogenetic relationship: mas malapit ang mga species na nasa parehong order kaysa sa class.

Checkpoint Quiz Highlights

1. Homeostatic mechanisms – tamang sagot: B, C, D.
2. Gymnosperm vs Angiosperm – tamang sagot: Gymnosperm (C).
3. Negatively charged particle – electron.
4. Pinakamaraming elemento – Carbon.
5. Nematocyst function – naglalaman ng venom (C).
6. 1990 domain classification – Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya (A).
7. Pinakamaraming kaugnayan – dogs at cats (D – parehong order Carnivora).
8. Arthropod vs Annelid – Arthropod (D – jointed legs, exoskeleton).
9. Plasmodium – sanhi ng malaria (C).
10. Fungi – hindi photosynthetic (B).
11. Mammals – warm‑blooded, milk feeding (A).

Reproduction sa Hayop

• Gametes: sperm (pinakamaliit) at ovum (pinakamalaki).
• Spermatogenesis – nangyayari sa testes; Oogenesis – nangyayari sa ovaries.
• Sexual reproduction – fusion ng dalawang gamete → genetic variation, mas mabagal ang populasyon.
• Asexual reproduction – binary fission, budding, fragmentation, sporulation, parthenogenesis, apomixis; mabilis ngunit clones lamang.
• Fertilization modes: internal (proteksyon sa loob ng katawan) vs external (labas ng katawan).
• IVF (In‑vitro fertilization) – proseso: hormonal induction → ovulation → egg retrieval → sperm‑egg mixing sa lab → embryo culture → transfer.
• Ontogeny – pag‑unlad mula fertilization hanggang maturity.

Plant Biology – Classification & Structure

• Non‑vascular vs Vascular plants
• Non‑vascular: walang tunay na ugat, stem, o dahon (algae, mosses).
• Vascular: may xylem at phloem, mas diverse (ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms).
• Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms: flowering, hardwood, animal‑pollinated, parallel venation (monocots) o net‑like venation (dicots).
• Gymnosperms: cone‑bearing, needle‑like leaves, wind‑pollinated, evergreen.
• Monocot vs Dicot
• Monocot: 1 cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bundles.
• Dicot: 2 cotyledons, net leaf veins, vascular bundles in a ring.
• Plant organs: roots (anchor, absorb water/minerals), stems (support, transport), leaves (photosynthesis, gas exchange via stomata), flowers (reproduction).
• Tissues
• Dermal: epidermis + stomata (protective).
• Ground: photosynthesis, storage, support.
• Vascular: xylem (water/mineral transport) + phloem (sugar transport).
• Root systems: taproot, adventitious, lateral, storage, aerial, floating – bawat isa may papel sa anchorage, nutrient uptake, o erosion control.
• Modified stems: rhizome, corm, bulb, tuber, stolon, sucker, offset – ginagamit sa vegetative propagation.
• Leaf anatomy: blade, petiole, midrib, veins, margins (entire, toothed, lobed, compound).
• Photosynthesis – light‑dependent reaction (chlorophyll absorbs light) + Calvin cycle (carbon fixation, reduction, carbohydrate formation, regeneration). Produkto: glucose + O₂.
• Cellular respiration – glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → oxidative phosphorylation. Net ATP: 36‑38 per glucose.
• Plant hormones: auxin (stem elongation), cytokinin (root growth, bud break), gibberellin (seed germination), abscisic acid (stress response), ethylene (fruit ripening).
• Tropisms: geotropism (gravity), hydrotropism (water), phototropism (light), thigmotropism (touch), chemotropism (chemical), etc.
• Propagation: selective breeding, hybridization, artificial selection.

Tips para sa Exam Preparation

• Focus on concepts, not memorization – alamin ang key terms at kung paano sila nag‑interrelate.
• Review live recordings sa YouTube para ma‑catch ang mga detalye.
• Practice checkpoint quizzes – mag‑comment ng sagot para ma‑track ang pag‑unawa.
• Gamitin ang mga visual aids (PowerPoint na simple, walang sobrang animation) para mas madaling matandaan.
• Connect theory sa real‑world examples – hal. malaria parasite (Plasmodium), plant adaptations (naked seeds, parallel venation).

Konklusyon

Ang ikalawang araw ng refresher ay nag‑bigay ng malawak na pag‑review mula sa homeostasis at animal reproduction hanggang sa plant classification, anatomy, at physiology. Sa pamamagitan ng aktibong pag‑share, pag‑sagot sa checkpoint quiz, at pag‑replay ng mga session, mas mapapalalim ang pang‑unawa ng mga science majors at handa silang harapin ang board exam.

Sa huli, ang pag‑intindi sa mga pangunahing konsepto ng animal at plant biology—mula sa homeostasis, reproduction, hanggang sa plant structure at hormones—ang susi para makamit ang mataas na marka sa board exam.